发育医学电子杂志  2021, Vol. 9 Issue (5): 371-380 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-5340.2021.05.009 |
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临床遗传
综述
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| 神经细胞的生物学功能与神经管的形成与闭合 |
| 黄琬淇 顾卉 袁正伟 |
中国医科大学附属盛京医院 卫生部小儿先天畸形重点实验室，辽宁 沈阳 110004
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| Biological function of nerve cells and formation and closure of neural tube |
| Huang Wanqi, Gu Hui, Yuan Zhengwei |
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摘要 神经管是在脊椎动物胚胎发育早期，由神经板闭合形成的管状物。在人胚3 周初，神经外胚层在脊索的诱导下构成神经板。脊索延长，神经板也随之延长并形成神经沟。神经沟在中间首先愈合成管，随后向头、尾两端延伸，最后在两端形成前、后神经孔。胚胎25 d 左右，前后神经孔依次闭合，形成完整的神经管。神经管前段发育为脑，后段发育成脊髓，闭合过程异常影响胎儿颅脑或脊柱发育导致神经管畸形（neural tube defects，NTDs）［1］。NTDs 作为结构性出生缺陷疾病，主要包括无脑儿、脊柱裂、脑脊髓膜膨出等［2］，全球发病率高达（1 ～ 10）‰［3］。作为一种多基因遗传病，环境因素和基因因素均对NTDs 发病有一定影响。孕妇在妊娠期间暴露于辐射环境或者接触铅、汞等重金属均为胎儿畸形的诱因。此外，母体肥胖、糖尿病、叶酸缺乏，在妊娠期间摄入过量维生素A 以及服用抗惊厥药物均会增加NTDs 的易患性［4］。本文回顾神经发育过程中细胞运动、增殖分化、凋亡以及自噬活动，了解神经管闭合涉及的生物学功能相关
的分子信号。
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| 关键词:
神经管畸形')" href="#">神经管畸形
神经嵴细胞')" href="#">神经嵴细胞
基因突变')" href="#">基因突变
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收稿日期: 2020-04-02
发布日期: 2021-09-30
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| 基金资助: 国家自然科学基金（81771595） |
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通讯作者:
顾卉
E-mail: Email：huier.99@hotmail.com
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