Abstract: 【Abstract】Testicular microlithiasis (TM) is a relatively common imaging finding characterized by diffusely distributed calcifications with a diameter of less than 3 mm within the seminiferous tubules of the testis. The etiology of TM remains unclear, and potential causes of microlith formation in the seminiferous tubules include congenital testicular developmental abnormalities, varicocele, testicular injury, and nanobacterial infection. Obesity and hyperlipidemia are considered two significant risk factors for TM. TM itself is asymptomatic and often coexists with other male genitourinary conditions, such as testicular tumors,male infertility, and varicocele. Patients with these conditions typically have a higher incidence of TM, and their clinical manifestations are often the reason for seeking medical attention. Currently, there is a relative lack of research on TM, particularly regarding its etiology and pathogenesis, leading to insufficient clinical understanding and the absence of a comprehensive and unified treatment and follow-up protocol. This article reviews recent studies on TM, aiming to summarize new discoveries and insights, thereby providing assistance for a deeper clinical understanding of this condition.
2025, Vol. 13 
